Cysts of Oral Cavity (Click the Image to Enlarge)
Classification of Cysts of Oral Cavity:
Cysts of oral cavity can be classified as shown below:
(A.)EPITHELIAL :
(B.)NON EPITHELIAL :
(C.)CYST ASSOCIATED WITH MAXILLARY ANTRUM :
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Monday, July 18, 2011
Cysts of Oral Cavity (Jaw).
A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst could go away on its own or may have to be removed through surgery.
Cysts of Oral Cavity (Click the Image to Enlarge)
Classification of Cysts of Oral Cavity:
Cysts of oral cavity can be classified as shown below:
(A.)EPITHELIAL :
(B.)NON EPITHELIAL :
(C.)CYST ASSOCIATED WITH MAXILLARY ANTRUM :
Cysts of Oral Cavity (Click the Image to Enlarge)
Classification of Cysts of Oral Cavity:
Cysts of oral cavity can be classified as shown below:
(A.)EPITHELIAL :
(B.)NON EPITHELIAL :
(C.)CYST ASSOCIATED WITH MAXILLARY ANTRUM :
Saturday, July 9, 2011
Case Studies #2 - Horizontal Root Fracture Treatment.
This 13 year old boy has sustained a trauma on tooth 11. The horizontal root fracture has unfortunately been treated by his dentist by performing an endo in the 2 segments. After a while the coronal segment has been retreated by another dentist, with gutta-percha and sealer.
His symptoms never went away, tooth was sensitive to percussion and showed a greyish discoloration. He has been adviced to have the tooth extracted, because everything possible had been done.
But later on by endodontist submitting this article did a conventional retreatment till the fracture level, and filling the coronal segment with MTA. Then, in the same session, he raised a flap and removed the apical fragment in 2 parts. The fracture line is usually not horizontal, but oblique, and left a reverse bevel to the palatal aspect of the root. You can see the apical fractured segment in two parts on the clinical pic. After removing the sutures, he placed sodium perborate for a few days, and finally filled the access opening with composite. The boy is doing well, and in my opinion there is a reasonable chance for tooth to be retained, at least till he is old enough to have an implant.
Click the Image to Enlarge
Click the Image to Enlarge
His symptoms never went away, tooth was sensitive to percussion and showed a greyish discoloration. He has been adviced to have the tooth extracted, because everything possible had been done.
But later on by endodontist submitting this article did a conventional retreatment till the fracture level, and filling the coronal segment with MTA. Then, in the same session, he raised a flap and removed the apical fragment in 2 parts. The fracture line is usually not horizontal, but oblique, and left a reverse bevel to the palatal aspect of the root. You can see the apical fractured segment in two parts on the clinical pic. After removing the sutures, he placed sodium perborate for a few days, and finally filled the access opening with composite. The boy is doing well, and in my opinion there is a reasonable chance for tooth to be retained, at least till he is old enough to have an implant.
Click the Image to Enlarge
Click the Image to Enlarge
Case Studies #1 - 2 Seperate Palatal Canals.
Below are the pics of real case studies.
Details :
IP with acute AP periodontitis.
2 separate palatal canal merging apically as one.
The last picture brlow is 5 years later.
Click the Image to Enlarge
Click the Image to Enlarge
Click the Image to Enlarge
Details :
IP with acute AP periodontitis.
2 separate palatal canal merging apically as one.
The last picture brlow is 5 years later.
Click the Image to Enlarge
Click the Image to Enlarge
Click the Image to Enlarge
Taking care for Adults Teeth.
How Do I Best Care for My Teeth as an Adult ?
The key to keeping a bright, healthy smile throughout adulthood is to practice proper oral hygiene. Even adults can get cavities, as well as gum disease, that can lead to serious problems. Throughout your adult life, it's important to continue to:
- Brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste to remove plaque-the sticky film on your teeth that's the main cause of tooth decay.
- Floss daily to remove plaque from between your teeth and under your gumline, before it can harden into tartar. Once tartar has formed, it can only be removed by a professional cleaning.
- Limit sugary or starchy foods, especially sticky snacks. The more often you snack between meals, the more chances you give the acids in plaque to attack your tooth enamel.
- Visit your dentist regularly for professional cleanings and checkups.
What Special Dental Issues Should I Be Aware Of as an Adult ?
Even if you brush and floss regularly, you may face certain oral health issues as an adult. Luckily, your dentist can help you meet most of these challenges quite successfully.
- Gum disease begins as gingivitis, which in this early stage is still reversible. Symptoms of gingivitis include red, swollen or tender gums that tend to bleed when you brush them. If you notice any of these symptoms, see your dentist-before serious problems develop. Advanced stages of gum disease may lead to tooth loss.
Tuesday, July 5, 2011
What is Bad Breath or Halitosis ?
Halitosis simply means bad breath, a problem that many people experience at one time or another.
Many things can cause bad breath, including:
- Poor oral hygiene (not brushing and flossing properly)
- Gum disease
- Eating certain foods like onions or garlic
- Tobacco and alcohol products
- Dry mouth (caused by certain medications, medical disorders and by decreased saliva flow during sleep hence the term "morning breath")
- Systemic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney disorders.
One way to test if you have bad breath is to cover your mouth and nose with your hand, exhale, and smell your breath. Another way is to ask someone you trust whether or not your breath smells bad. Keep in mind that many people experience "morning breath," which is the result of reduced saliva
Thursday, June 30, 2011
How to Floss? or What is Flossing?
What is a dental floss?
Dental floss is either a bundle of thin nylon filaments or a plastic (Teflon or polyethylene) ribbon used to remove food and dental plaque from teeth. The floss is gently inserted between the teeth and scraped along the teeth sides, especially close to the gums. Dental floss may be flavored or unflavored, and waxed or unwaxed. An alternative tool to achieve the same effect is the interdental brush.
History of Dental Floss.
Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist from New Orleans, is credited with inventing the first form of dental floss. He recommended that people should clean their teeth with silk floss in 1815.
Dental Flossing Box containing Floss
Dental floss was still unavailable to the consumer until the Codman and Shurtleft company started producing human-usable unwaxed silk floss in 1882. In 1898, the Johnson & Johnson Corporation received the first patent for dental floss. Other early brands included Red Cross, Salter Sill Co. and Brunswick.
Use of Dental Floss:
Dental floss is commonly supplied in plastic dispensers that contain 10 to 50 meters of floss. After pulling out the desired amount, the floss is pulled against a small protected blade in the dispenser to sever it.
Dental floss is either a bundle of thin nylon filaments or a plastic (Teflon or polyethylene) ribbon used to remove food and dental plaque from teeth. The floss is gently inserted between the teeth and scraped along the teeth sides, especially close to the gums. Dental floss may be flavored or unflavored, and waxed or unwaxed. An alternative tool to achieve the same effect is the interdental brush.
History of Dental Floss.
Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist from New Orleans, is credited with inventing the first form of dental floss. He recommended that people should clean their teeth with silk floss in 1815.
Dental Flossing Box containing Floss
Dental floss was still unavailable to the consumer until the Codman and Shurtleft company started producing human-usable unwaxed silk floss in 1882. In 1898, the Johnson & Johnson Corporation received the first patent for dental floss. Other early brands included Red Cross, Salter Sill Co. and Brunswick.
Use of Dental Floss:
Dental floss is commonly supplied in plastic dispensers that contain 10 to 50 meters of floss. After pulling out the desired amount, the floss is pulled against a small protected blade in the dispenser to sever it.
How to brush your teeth? (Brushing Technique)
What Is the Right Way to Brush?
Proper brushing takes at least two minutes — that's right, 120 seconds! Most adults do not come close to brushing that long. To get a feel for the time involved, try using a stopwatch. To properly brush your teeth, use short, gentle strokes, paying extra attention to the gumline, hard-to-reach back teeth and areas around fillings, crowns or other restoration. Concentrate on thoroughly cleaning each section as follows:
Tilt the brush at a 45° angle against the gumline and sweep or roll the brush away from the gumline.
Proper brushing takes at least two minutes — that's right, 120 seconds! Most adults do not come close to brushing that long. To get a feel for the time involved, try using a stopwatch. To properly brush your teeth, use short, gentle strokes, paying extra attention to the gumline, hard-to-reach back teeth and areas around fillings, crowns or other restoration. Concentrate on thoroughly cleaning each section as follows:
- Clean the outer surfaces of your upper teeth, then your lower teeth
- Clean the inner surfaces of your upper teeth, then your lower teeth
- Clean the chewing surfaces
- For fresher breath, be sure to brush your tongue, too
Tilt the brush at a 45° angle against the gumline and sweep or roll the brush away from the gumline.
Thursday, June 23, 2011
What is Dentine Hypersensitivity ?
Dentine hypersensitivity is sensation felt when the nerves inside the dentin of the teeth are exposed to the environment. The sensation can range from irritation all the way to intense, shooting pain. This sensitivity can be caused by several factors, including wear, decaying teeth or exposed tooth roots.
Click the image to enlarge..
Dentine contains many thousands of microscopic tubular structures that radiate outwards from the pulp; these dentinal tubules are typically 0.5-2 microns in diameter. Changes in the flow of the plasma-like biological fluid present in the dentinal tubules can trigger mechanoreceptors present on nerves located at the pulpal aspect thereby eliciting a pain response. This hydrodynamic flow can be increased by cold, air pressure, drying, sugar, sour (dehydrating chemicals), or forces acting onto the tooth. Hot or cold food or drinks, and physical pressure are typical triggers in those individuals with teeth sensitivity.
Treatment can consist of amorphous calcium and phosphate, NovaMin, potassium nitrate, strontium chloride, gluma, fluoride therapy, or calcium sodium phosphosilicate.
Potassium nitrate is commonly used in toothpastes such as Sensodyne or Crest Sensitive as a remedy and is approved as a monographed drug by the FDA. Nonetheless, there remains some dispute about its effectiveness. Strontium chloride and strontium acetate are used in Sensodyne Original and Sensodyne Mint toothpastes. The mode of action is linked to their ability to form mineralised deposits within the tubule lumen and on the surface of the exposed dentine that help prevent transmission of the applied stimulus.
Click the image to enlarge..
Dentine contains many thousands of microscopic tubular structures that radiate outwards from the pulp; these dentinal tubules are typically 0.5-2 microns in diameter. Changes in the flow of the plasma-like biological fluid present in the dentinal tubules can trigger mechanoreceptors present on nerves located at the pulpal aspect thereby eliciting a pain response. This hydrodynamic flow can be increased by cold, air pressure, drying, sugar, sour (dehydrating chemicals), or forces acting onto the tooth. Hot or cold food or drinks, and physical pressure are typical triggers in those individuals with teeth sensitivity.
Treatment can consist of amorphous calcium and phosphate, NovaMin, potassium nitrate, strontium chloride, gluma, fluoride therapy, or calcium sodium phosphosilicate.
Potassium nitrate is commonly used in toothpastes such as Sensodyne or Crest Sensitive as a remedy and is approved as a monographed drug by the FDA. Nonetheless, there remains some dispute about its effectiveness. Strontium chloride and strontium acetate are used in Sensodyne Original and Sensodyne Mint toothpastes. The mode of action is linked to their ability to form mineralised deposits within the tubule lumen and on the surface of the exposed dentine that help prevent transmission of the applied stimulus.
Monday, May 16, 2011
Production of X Rays - Dental Radiology.
PARTS AND COMPONENTS OF THE DENTAL X-RAY MACHINE:
General:- The standard structural parts of the dental x-ray machine include a control panel (usually mounted behind a protective shield); a tube head, which houses the dental x-ray tube; and a flexible extension arm from which the tube head is suspended (see figure 1-1).
The Control Panel:- The components of the control panel are switches, dials, gauges, and lights. Basically, each control panel has the same function, the arrangement and location of these components will differ, depending upon the make, model, and year of construction of the dental x-ray unit. An operator's manual is issued with each unit. The operator should study it until he is familiar with its operational capability.
The Extension Arm:- The tube head is attached to the metal extension arm by means of a yoke that can revolve 360 degrees horizontally where it is connected. The construction of the yoke also provides vertical movement as well.
The Tube Head:- Inside the metal tube housing is the x-ray tube. The diagram in figure 1-2 represents a dental x-ray tube head and a dental x-ray tube. This tube emits radiation in the form of photons (photons will be discussed in Lesson 2) or x-rays. X-ray photons expose the film. In addition to exposing the film, it also exposes the patient to radiation. Unless certain protective measures are taken, the x-ray technician may also be exposed.
Figure 1-1. A representation of a control panel, x-ray tube head, and extension arm.
Figure 1-2. Dental x-ray tube head and dental x-ray tube.
THREE STEP PROCESS OF X-RAY PRODUCTION:
The First Step:- The first step in x-ray production is to turn on the machine. (If there is doubt on the part of the x-ray technician concerning the operation of the unit, reference should be made to the operator's manual.) When the unit is turned on, the filament of the cathode is heated by electrical current, causing it to emit electrons (see figure 1-3).
General:- The standard structural parts of the dental x-ray machine include a control panel (usually mounted behind a protective shield); a tube head, which houses the dental x-ray tube; and a flexible extension arm from which the tube head is suspended (see figure 1-1).
The Control Panel:- The components of the control panel are switches, dials, gauges, and lights. Basically, each control panel has the same function, the arrangement and location of these components will differ, depending upon the make, model, and year of construction of the dental x-ray unit. An operator's manual is issued with each unit. The operator should study it until he is familiar with its operational capability.
The Extension Arm:- The tube head is attached to the metal extension arm by means of a yoke that can revolve 360 degrees horizontally where it is connected. The construction of the yoke also provides vertical movement as well.
The Tube Head:- Inside the metal tube housing is the x-ray tube. The diagram in figure 1-2 represents a dental x-ray tube head and a dental x-ray tube. This tube emits radiation in the form of photons (photons will be discussed in Lesson 2) or x-rays. X-ray photons expose the film. In addition to exposing the film, it also exposes the patient to radiation. Unless certain protective measures are taken, the x-ray technician may also be exposed.
Figure 1-1. A representation of a control panel, x-ray tube head, and extension arm.
Figure 1-2. Dental x-ray tube head and dental x-ray tube.
THREE STEP PROCESS OF X-RAY PRODUCTION:
The First Step:- The first step in x-ray production is to turn on the machine. (If there is doubt on the part of the x-ray technician concerning the operation of the unit, reference should be made to the operator's manual.) When the unit is turned on, the filament of the cathode is heated by electrical current, causing it to emit electrons (see figure 1-3).
Introduction to Dental Radiography.
INTRODUCTION:
1. GENERAL:
Radiography is a highly technical field, indispensable to the modern dental practice, but presenting many potential hazards. The dental radiographic specialist must be thoroughly familiar with the procedures necessary to produce radiographs of diagnostic quality. He must also have a thorough knowledge of the hazards associated with the use of radiation and how to protect himself and the patient against those hazards. This lesson deals with the production, characteristics, and effects of radiation and how it may be used safely in dentistry.
2. DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS:
In 1895, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen was searching for invisible light by experimenting with a Crookes vacuum discharge tube. This is a glass tube in which the vacuum is nearly complete, having a negative electrode (cathode) and a positive electrode (anode). Many investigators believed that invisible light rays were emitted from the negative electrode when a high voltage current was sent through the tube. With the room darkened and the tube covered with black paper, Roentgen passed a high voltage current through the Crookes tube and was surprised to observe that a fluorescent screen lying on a table at some distance was glowing brightly. He then noted that a shadow was produced when an object was placed between the tube and the screen. Further experimentation revealed that the rays that caused the fluorescent screen to glow also acted upon the emulsion on photographic plates in the same manner as light. Thus it was shown that the rays produced would pass through some substances through which light would not pass. Since Roentgen was unable to determine the exact nature of the rays produced, he referred to them as x-rays (x being commonly used to denote an unknown factor). In later years scientists have referred to them as Roentgen rays.
1. GENERAL:
Radiography is a highly technical field, indispensable to the modern dental practice, but presenting many potential hazards. The dental radiographic specialist must be thoroughly familiar with the procedures necessary to produce radiographs of diagnostic quality. He must also have a thorough knowledge of the hazards associated with the use of radiation and how to protect himself and the patient against those hazards. This lesson deals with the production, characteristics, and effects of radiation and how it may be used safely in dentistry.
2. DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS:
In 1895, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen was searching for invisible light by experimenting with a Crookes vacuum discharge tube. This is a glass tube in which the vacuum is nearly complete, having a negative electrode (cathode) and a positive electrode (anode). Many investigators believed that invisible light rays were emitted from the negative electrode when a high voltage current was sent through the tube. With the room darkened and the tube covered with black paper, Roentgen passed a high voltage current through the Crookes tube and was surprised to observe that a fluorescent screen lying on a table at some distance was glowing brightly. He then noted that a shadow was produced when an object was placed between the tube and the screen. Further experimentation revealed that the rays that caused the fluorescent screen to glow also acted upon the emulsion on photographic plates in the same manner as light. Thus it was shown that the rays produced would pass through some substances through which light would not pass. Since Roentgen was unable to determine the exact nature of the rays produced, he referred to them as x-rays (x being commonly used to denote an unknown factor). In later years scientists have referred to them as Roentgen rays.
Friday, May 6, 2011
Dental Instruments --> Name the Instruments.
I am starting this section to get more interaction with the visitors of this blog. Below are the photographs of 29 Dental Instruments which are numbered. Identify and name them. Under this Dental Quiz section you can get many interesting quiz to sharpen your memory. Just identify the instruments according to numbers and name them in the comment section at the end of this post.
Click the image below to Enlarge
Dental Instrument - 1
Click the image below to Enlarge
Dental Instrument - 2
Click the image below to Enlarge
Dental Instrument - 3
Click the image below to Enlarge
Dental Instrument - 1
Click the image below to Enlarge
Dental Instrument - 2
Click the image below to Enlarge
Dental Instrument - 3
Primary Dentition or Decidious Teeth.
Deciduous teeth, otherwise known as reborner teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth and primary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals. In some Asian countries they are referred to as fall teeth as they will eventually fall out, while in almost all European languages they are called milk teeth. They develop during the embryonic stage of development and erupt—that is, they become visible in the mouth—during infancy. They are usually lost and replaced by permanent teeth, but in the absence of permanent replacements, they can remain functional for many years.
Description :
Deciduous teeth start to form during the embryo phase of pregnancy. The development of deciduous teeth starts at the sixth week of development as the dental lamina. This process starts at the midline and then spreads back into the posterior region. By the time the embryo is eight weeks old, there are ten areas on the upper and lower arches that will eventually become the deciduous dentition. These teeth will continue to form until they erupt in the mouth. In the deciduous dentition there are a total of twenty teeth: five per quadrant and ten per arch. The eruption of these teeth begins at the age of six months and continues until twenty-five to thirty-three months of age. Usually, the first teeth seen in the mouth are the mandibular centrals and the last are the maxillary second molars.
Description :
Deciduous teeth start to form during the embryo phase of pregnancy. The development of deciduous teeth starts at the sixth week of development as the dental lamina. This process starts at the midline and then spreads back into the posterior region. By the time the embryo is eight weeks old, there are ten areas on the upper and lower arches that will eventually become the deciduous dentition. These teeth will continue to form until they erupt in the mouth. In the deciduous dentition there are a total of twenty teeth: five per quadrant and ten per arch. The eruption of these teeth begins at the age of six months and continues until twenty-five to thirty-three months of age. Usually, the first teeth seen in the mouth are the mandibular centrals and the last are the maxillary second molars.
Thursday, May 5, 2011
Tooth Eruption or Dental Chronological Order.
Tooth eruption is a process in tooth development in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible. It is currently believed that the periodontal ligaments play an important role in tooth eruption. Primary (baby) teeth erupt into the mouth from around 6 months until 2 years of age. These teeth are the only ones in the mouth until a person is about 6 years old. At that time, the first permanent tooth erupts and begins a time in which there is a combination of primary and permanent teeth. This stage, known as the mixed stage, lasts until the last primary tooth is lost. Then, the remaining permanent teeth erupt into the mouth.
Click the image to enlarge
Anatomy of Tooth Eruption
Anatomy of Tooth Eruption
Friday, April 29, 2011
Dental Amalgam - Restoration Material.
Dental amalgam is the most commonly used dental restorative material used for dental fillings. First introduced in France in the early 19th century, it contains a mixture of mercury with at least one other metal. Amalgam has been the restorative method of choice for many years due to its low cost, ease of application, strength, durability, and bacteriostatic effects. Factors that have led to recent decline in use are a lingering concern about detrimental health effects, aesthetics, and environmental pollution. The health issue concerns the known toxic affects of mercury and whether these are present in the amounts released from the amalgam. The aesthetic issue is because the metallic colour does not blend with the natural tooth colour. This is especially a concern when used on front teeth, but it can be addressed using alternative dental materials. The environmental concerns are regarding mercury emissions during preparation and from waste amalgam upon cremation of deceased individuals.
Click the image to enlarge
Dental Amalgam Filling
Click the image to enlarge
Dental Amalgam filling of 1st Molar
Composition:
Currently, dental amalgams are composed of 43% to 54% by weight of mercury and the remaining powder is made up of mainly silver (~20-35%) and some tin, copper (~10%), and zinc (~2%).
Dental Amalgam Filling
Click the image to enlarge
Dental Amalgam filling of 1st Molar
Composition:
Currently, dental amalgams are composed of 43% to 54% by weight of mercury and the remaining powder is made up of mainly silver (~20-35%) and some tin, copper (~10%), and zinc (~2%).
Thursday, April 28, 2011
Dental Amalgam - Chemistry
An amalgam is a substance formed by the reaction of mercury with another metal. Almost all metals can form amalgams with mercury, notable exceptions being iron and platinum. Silver-mercury amalgams are important in dentistry, and gold-mercury amalgam is used in the extraction of gold from ore.
The origin of the word amalgam is from the Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury (esp. with gold or silver)," perhaps an alteration of L. malagma "poultice, plaster," probably from Arabic al-malgham "an emollient poultice or unguent for sores (especially warm)", perhaps from Greek malagma "softening substance," from malassein "to soften" from malakos "soft".
Dental Amalgam:
Dentistry has used alloys of mercury with metals such as silver, copper, indium, tin and zinc.
The origin of the word amalgam is from the Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury (esp. with gold or silver)," perhaps an alteration of L. malagma "poultice, plaster," probably from Arabic al-malgham "an emollient poultice or unguent for sores (especially warm)", perhaps from Greek malagma "softening substance," from malassein "to soften" from malakos "soft".
Dental Amalgam:
Dentistry has used alloys of mercury with metals such as silver, copper, indium, tin and zinc.
Monday, April 25, 2011
Dentistry terms for relationship and comparision.
There are numerous commonly used terms of relationship and comparison that refer to different aspects of teeth and are frequently utilized in articles about dentistry. Many of them are included below as a sort of glossary to assist with understanding the many articles that include these types of words.
Anterior refers to the direction towards an individual's lips, as opposed to posterior, which refers to the directions towards the back of an individual's head. The term anterior teeth refers to incisors and canines, as opposed to premolars and molars, which are posterior teeth.
Apical refers to the direction towards the root tip(s) of a tooth, as opposed to coronal, which refers to the direction towards the crown. It may also refer to something relating to the roots, such as apical support. This term is nearly synonymous with both cervical and gingival.
Axial refers to a plane parallel to the surface of a tooth. For example, if a drill bur would be inserted into a tooth from any side (proximal, facial or lingual), the depth of the hole is defined by the axial wall of the hole.
Buccal refers to the side of a tooth that is adjacent to (or the direction towards) the inside of the cheek, as opposed to lingual or palatal, which refer to the side of a tooth adjacent to (or the direction towards) the tongue or palate, respectively. Although technically referring only to posterior teeth (where the cheeks are present instead of lips, use of this term may extend to all teeth, anterior and posterior), this term may be employed to describe the facial surface of (or directions in relation to) anterior teeth as well.
Anterior refers to the direction towards an individual's lips, as opposed to posterior, which refers to the directions towards the back of an individual's head. The term anterior teeth refers to incisors and canines, as opposed to premolars and molars, which are posterior teeth.
Apical refers to the direction towards the root tip(s) of a tooth, as opposed to coronal, which refers to the direction towards the crown. It may also refer to something relating to the roots, such as apical support. This term is nearly synonymous with both cervical and gingival.
Axial refers to a plane parallel to the surface of a tooth. For example, if a drill bur would be inserted into a tooth from any side (proximal, facial or lingual), the depth of the hole is defined by the axial wall of the hole.
Buccal refers to the side of a tooth that is adjacent to (or the direction towards) the inside of the cheek, as opposed to lingual or palatal, which refer to the side of a tooth adjacent to (or the direction towards) the tongue or palate, respectively. Although technically referring only to posterior teeth (where the cheeks are present instead of lips, use of this term may extend to all teeth, anterior and posterior), this term may be employed to describe the facial surface of (or directions in relation to) anterior teeth as well.
Saturday, April 23, 2011
Classification of Caries Lessions - By G.V. Black
Greene Vardiman Black (1836–1915), commonly known as G.V. Black, is known as one of the founders of modern dentistry in the United States.
He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the best composition for dental amalgams and the cause of dental fluorosis. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven dental drill. Black was the first to use nitrous oxide for "extracting teeth without pain." He is also known for his principles of tooth preparations, in which he outlines the proper methods to prepare teeth for fillings. The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing tooth decay in the future.
Further, he organized 'Black's Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.
Black's Classification of Caries Lesions:
* Class I: Caries affecting pit and fissure, on occlusal, buccal, and lingual surfaces of posterior teeth, and Lingual of anterior teeth.
He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the best composition for dental amalgams and the cause of dental fluorosis. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven dental drill. Black was the first to use nitrous oxide for "extracting teeth without pain." He is also known for his principles of tooth preparations, in which he outlines the proper methods to prepare teeth for fillings. The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing tooth decay in the future.
Further, he organized 'Black's Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.
Black's Classification of Caries Lesions:
* Class I: Caries affecting pit and fissure, on occlusal, buccal, and lingual surfaces of posterior teeth, and Lingual of anterior teeth.
Wednesday, April 20, 2011
Dental Instruments - (Examining Instruments).
These tools allow the dental professional to manipulate tissues, to allow better visual access during treatment or during dental examination.
These are mainly of 2 types:-
1. Mirror.
2. Probes.
1. Mirror:
Click the image to enlarge
Mouth Mirror - 1
Click the image to enlarge
Mouth Mirror - 2
A mouth mirror or dentist's mirror is an instrument used in dentistry. The head of the mirror is usually round, and the most common sizes used are the No. 4 and No. 5. A No. 2 is sometimes used when a smaller mirror is needed, such as when working on back teeth with a dental dam in place. The mouth mirror has a wide range of uses. Three of its most important functions are allowing indirect vision by the dentist, reflecting light onto desired surfaces, and retraction of soft tissues.
Indirect vision is needed in certain locations of the mouth where visibility is difficult or impossible. The posterior (or lingual) surfaces of the anterior maxillary teeth is a notable area where mouth mirrors are often used. Other areas of the mouth can be viewed more readily with the mouth mirror, even though it would be possible to see them if the dentist or dental hygienist adjusted their body into a poor position. Without the mouth mirror, poor body positioning would occur daily and lead to chronic postural problems, especially of the back and neck.
These are mainly of 2 types:-
1. Mirror.
2. Probes.
Mouth Mirror - 1
Click the image to enlarge
Mouth Mirror - 2
A mouth mirror or dentist's mirror is an instrument used in dentistry. The head of the mirror is usually round, and the most common sizes used are the No. 4 and No. 5. A No. 2 is sometimes used when a smaller mirror is needed, such as when working on back teeth with a dental dam in place. The mouth mirror has a wide range of uses. Three of its most important functions are allowing indirect vision by the dentist, reflecting light onto desired surfaces, and retraction of soft tissues.
Indirect vision is needed in certain locations of the mouth where visibility is difficult or impossible. The posterior (or lingual) surfaces of the anterior maxillary teeth is a notable area where mouth mirrors are often used. Other areas of the mouth can be viewed more readily with the mouth mirror, even though it would be possible to see them if the dentist or dental hygienist adjusted their body into a poor position. Without the mouth mirror, poor body positioning would occur daily and lead to chronic postural problems, especially of the back and neck.
Basic Understanding about Root Canal Treatment (RCT) - by Colgate.com
Basic Understanding of Root Canal Treatment
Introduction
Endodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with diseases of the tooth's pulp. The pulp is found in the center of the tooth and in canals (called root canals) inside the root of each tooth. Pulp includes connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels. Pulp nourishes the tooth when it first emerges through the gum. Once the tooth matures, the pulp can be removed without destroying the tooth. That's because each tooth also is nourished by a blood supply in the gums.
Removing the pulp is called endodontic treatment, but it is often referred to as root canal treatment or root canal therapy. Many people refer to pulp removal as "having a root canal." Root canal treatments are quite common. In the United States, they save about 24 million teeth each year.
Why Would You Need Root Canal Treatment?
Root canal treatment is needed for two main reasons. The first is infection. An untreated cavity is a common cause of pulp infection. The decay erodes the enamel and dentin of the tooth until it reaches a root canal. This allows bacteria to infect the pulp. Antibiotics can't get to infections inside teeth. The inflammation caused by the infection reduces the blood supply to the tooth. The reduced blood supply also keeps the pulp from healing.
The second reason for a root canal is damage to the pulp that can't be fixed. Trauma or a fractured tooth can damage the pulp. So can a lot of restoration, such
Introduction
Endodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with diseases of the tooth's pulp. The pulp is found in the center of the tooth and in canals (called root canals) inside the root of each tooth. Pulp includes connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels. Pulp nourishes the tooth when it first emerges through the gum. Once the tooth matures, the pulp can be removed without destroying the tooth. That's because each tooth also is nourished by a blood supply in the gums.
Removing the pulp is called endodontic treatment, but it is often referred to as root canal treatment or root canal therapy. Many people refer to pulp removal as "having a root canal." Root canal treatments are quite common. In the United States, they save about 24 million teeth each year.
Why Would You Need Root Canal Treatment?
Root canal treatment is needed for two main reasons. The first is infection. An untreated cavity is a common cause of pulp infection. The decay erodes the enamel and dentin of the tooth until it reaches a root canal. This allows bacteria to infect the pulp. Antibiotics can't get to infections inside teeth. The inflammation caused by the infection reduces the blood supply to the tooth. The reduced blood supply also keeps the pulp from healing.
The second reason for a root canal is damage to the pulp that can't be fixed. Trauma or a fractured tooth can damage the pulp. So can a lot of restoration, such
Tuesday, April 19, 2011
Animated Root canal treatment explaination.
Below is an animated video which explains root canal treatment in a very simple and attractive way.
** You can watch all Root Canal Treatment videos by Clicking Here.
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** You can watch all Root Canal Treatment videos by Clicking Here.
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Introduction to Root Canal Treatment (RCT).
Below is a nice and simple video which gives a demonstration of Root Canal Treatment. Dont forget to watch other advance videos on Root Canal Treatment to get a good grasp on the process. You can watch all Root Canal Treatment videos by Clicking Here.
Posted By: Doc CN
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Monday, April 18, 2011
Leukoplakia - Precancerous Lesions Video.
Below video deals the clinical presentation, surgical removal, and pathologic evaluation of a leukoplakic lesion.
Posted By: Doc CN
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Posted By: Doc CN
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Leukoplakia, its definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms and diagnosis.
Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia; Smoker’s Keratosis
Pronounced: lu-kō-plā'kē-ă
Definition:
Caused by chronic irritation, leukoplakia is a disorder of the mouth’s mucus membranes. White patches form on the tongue or inside of the mouth over weeks or months. This can also occur on the vulva in females, but for unknown reasons. One type, known as hairy leukoplakia, is a type found only in people who have HIV or other types of severe immune deficiency. Most cases of leukoplakia get better once you remove the source of irritation. In rare cases, though, the condition can lead to oral cancer. If you notice any signs, see your dentist or doctor.
Causes:
Hairy leukoplakia results from a virus that becomes active in the body when the immune system becomes weak. Infection may play a role in other cases as well. Leukoplakia usually results from irritants, such as:
* Pipe or cigarette smoking
* Chewing tobacco or snuff
* Rough teeth
* Rough places on dentures, fillings, or crowns
Risk Factors:
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Discuss these risk factors with your doctor:
** Age: older than 65
** Sex:
* More men than women get leukoplakia.
* In women, the condition more often develops into cancer .
** Lifestyle:
* Tobacco use (especially smokeless tobacco)
* Long-time alcohol use
* Conditions: HIV-positive or weakened immune system
Symptoms:
Leukoplakia; Smoker’s Keratosis
Pronounced: lu-kō-plā'kē-ă
Definition:
Caused by chronic irritation, leukoplakia is a disorder of the mouth’s mucus membranes. White patches form on the tongue or inside of the mouth over weeks or months. This can also occur on the vulva in females, but for unknown reasons. One type, known as hairy leukoplakia, is a type found only in people who have HIV or other types of severe immune deficiency. Most cases of leukoplakia get better once you remove the source of irritation. In rare cases, though, the condition can lead to oral cancer. If you notice any signs, see your dentist or doctor.
Causes:
Hairy leukoplakia results from a virus that becomes active in the body when the immune system becomes weak. Infection may play a role in other cases as well. Leukoplakia usually results from irritants, such as:
* Pipe or cigarette smoking
* Chewing tobacco or snuff
* Rough teeth
* Rough places on dentures, fillings, or crowns
Risk Factors:
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Discuss these risk factors with your doctor:
** Age: older than 65
** Sex:
* More men than women get leukoplakia.
* In women, the condition more often develops into cancer .
** Lifestyle:
* Tobacco use (especially smokeless tobacco)
* Long-time alcohol use
* Conditions: HIV-positive or weakened immune system
Symptoms:
Sunday, April 17, 2011
Prosthodontics - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. Classify jaw relations and describe various methods of recording horizontal jaw relation. (8 marks)
Q2. Classify various Impression Techniques in the fabrication of complete dentures. Discuss in detail selective pressure techniques. (8 marks)
Q3. Write short notes on:- (3+3+3=9 marks)
a. Implant materials.
b. Colour and shade selection in F.P.D.
c. Posterior Palatal Seal.
Q1. Discuss the vertical relation in reference to complete dentures. (8 marks)
Periodontics - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. Write the most recent classification of the diseases and conditions affecting the periodontium. Discuss the etiology and clinical features of chronic periodontitis. (8 marks)
Q2. Enumerate various techniques for pocket depth reduction. Describe any one procedure in detail. Draw diagram where necessary. (8 marks)
Q3. Write short notes on:- (3+3+3=9 marks)
a. Difference between gingival abscess and periodontal abscess.
b. Etiology of halitosis.
c. Periodontal treatment protocol for HIV patients.
Q1. Describe in brief the mechanism/s of peeling of gingival epithelium in desquamative gingivitis. (8 marks)
Saturday, April 16, 2011
Orthodontics - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. a. Define growth and development. (3 marks)
b. Discuss the post natal growth of mandible. (5 marks)
Q2. a. What are the different types of tooth movement ? (2 marks)
b. Describe the histological changes occuring on application of light orthodontic force. (6 marks)
Q3. Write short notes on :- (3+3+3=9 marks)
a. Andrew's six keys of occlussion.
b. Reciprocal anchorage.
c. Tungue thrust habbit.
Q1. Discuss clinical picture of skeletal angle's class 3 malocclusion and its clinical management. (8 marks)
Friday, April 15, 2011
Basic wire bending techniques used in Orthodontics.
Below video shows An overview of the types of pliers and variety of wires used in making orthodontic appliances by the basic methods for bending curves, loops, and right angles.
Posted By: Doc CN
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Medical Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/MedicalUnited
Posted By: Doc CN
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Videos Blog: www.cnfvideos.Blogspot.com
Tech Forum: www.MaxDamage.DarkBB.com
Tech Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/cnfworld
Medical Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/MedicalUnited
Thursday, April 14, 2011
Conservative Dentistry - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. Write steps in cavity preparation. Describe secondary retention form in detail. (10 marks)
Q2. Write short notes on:- (5+5+5=15 marks)
a. Base and Liners.
b. Isolation techniques.
c. Instrument formula.
Q1. Classify diseases of pulp and peri-apex. Write the diagnosis and treatment of acute irreversible pulpitis. (8 marks)
Q2. Discuss the role of different intra canal medicament in the success of Root Canal Treatment (RCT). (8 marks)
Wednesday, April 13, 2011
Surgical Treatment of impacted maxillary and mandibular third molars.
Below video shows you complete surgical treatment of impacted maxillary and mandibular third molars, brought to you by university of Michigan.
Posted By: Doc CN
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Posted By: Doc CN
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Videos Blog: www.cnfvideos.Blogspot.com
Tech Forum: www.MaxDamage.DarkBB.com
Tech Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/cnfworld
Medical Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/MedicalUnited
Tuesday, April 12, 2011
Pedodontics - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. Discuss vital pulp therapies in deciduous teeth. (6 marks)
Q2. Define, classify and describe the indications and contraindications of various types of space maintainers. (7 marks)
Q3. Write short notes on:- (3+3+3+3=12 marks)
a. Semi-permanent restorations.
b. Florosis.
c. Growth spurts.
d. Inhalational sedation.
Q1. Mention the modern methods and materials in the restoration of deciduous teeth. (8 marks)
Monday, April 11, 2011
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. Classify Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors. Describe features of Ameloblastoma and its treatment. (8 marks)
Q2. Classify Impacted 3rd Molars. Describe surgical removal of lower 3rd molar. (8 marks)
Q3. Write short notes on :- (3+3+3 marks)
a. CPR.
b. Haemophillia.
c. Suturing Techniques.
Q1. Define and classify Fracture. How you will diagnose and manage horizontal unfavourable fracture of the mandibles at the angle region ? (8 marks)
Sunday, April 10, 2011
Oral Medicine and Radiology - (BDS Final Year March 2011)
Q1. Classify orofacial pain. Write in detail about etiology, clinical features and management of trigeminal neuralgia. (8 marks)
Q2. Write short notes on:- (4+4 marks)
a. Exfoliative cytology.
b. Sialothiasis.
Q3. Write short notes on:- (3+3+3 marks)
a. Oral manifestations of AIDS.
b. Sjogrens syndrome.
c. Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF).
Q1. Draw a neat circuit diagram of X-Ray production, explaining in detail production of X-Rays. (8 marks)
Q2.Write short notes on the following:-
a. Personal monitoring. (5 marks)
Saturday, April 9, 2011
Introduction to Dental Anatomy.
Below video explains complete dental anatomy in very attractive and simple manner.Brought to you by University of Michigan.
Video Length: 35:55 mins.
Posted By: Doc CN
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Video Length: 35:55 mins.
Posted By: Doc CN
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Friday, April 8, 2011
Seven major branches of Dentistry.
Dentistry is divided into 7 departments, namingly : Oral Medicine, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Periodontics, Orthodontics, Pedodontics, Prosthodontics and Conservative Dentistry. Lets have a brief look on them.
1. Oral Medicine : Oral medicine is the dental specialty placed at the interface between medicine and dentistry.
Oral medicine is concerned with diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathology affecting the oral and maxillofacial region, such as oral lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it often involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, like leukoplakia or erythroplakia. Another aspect of the speciality is managing the oral condition of medically compromised patients. For example, cancer patients who suffer from related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral
1. Oral Medicine : Oral medicine is the dental specialty placed at the interface between medicine and dentistry.
Oral medicine is concerned with diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathology affecting the oral and maxillofacial region, such as oral lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it often involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, like leukoplakia or erythroplakia. Another aspect of the speciality is managing the oral condition of medically compromised patients. For example, cancer patients who suffer from related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral
Thursday, April 7, 2011
Beginning of a new blog..
Hello everyone,
I am starting this blog, which is totally dedicated to dental students. In this blog you can find various important tutorials, articles, videos etc related to oral care and oral health. Hope you can learn a lot from this blog and enjoy reading it as much as i enjoy writting it. Dont forget to comment and request posts which you think should be added to this blog.
Thanks,
Posted By: Doc CN
Website: www.CyberNinja.110mb.com
Tech Blog: www.CyberNinjaInfo.Blogspot.com
Videos Blog: www.cnfvideos.Blogspot.com
Tech Forum: www.MaxDamage.DarkBB.com
Tech Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/cnfworld
Medical Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/MedicalUnited
I am starting this blog, which is totally dedicated to dental students. In this blog you can find various important tutorials, articles, videos etc related to oral care and oral health. Hope you can learn a lot from this blog and enjoy reading it as much as i enjoy writting it. Dont forget to comment and request posts which you think should be added to this blog.
Thanks,
Posted By: Doc CN
Website: www.CyberNinja.110mb.com
Tech Blog: www.CyberNinjaInfo.Blogspot.com
Videos Blog: www.cnfvideos.Blogspot.com
Tech Forum: www.MaxDamage.DarkBB.com
Tech Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/cnfworld
Medical Video Channel: www.YouTube.com/MedicalUnited
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